Key findings from the 100-service study
Public password rules are often incomplete. Only 20 services published an exact minimum length we could support with an official source. For 72, the minimum was not published in the sources we found; the other eight did not use a password in the login flow we reviewed. Passkeys were documented by 37 services.
- Eight characters remains the dominant published minimum. Fourteen of the 20 services with an exact minimum used eight characters—70% of that documented group.
- Maximum lengths are almost never published. Only seven of the 100 services provided an exact maximum we could verify.
- Passkey disclosure varies sharply by sector. Eight of 10 productivity and cloud services documented passkeys, compared with none of the 10 streaming services.
- Other protections are rarely described. Sixteen services explicitly supported or recommended password managers, while 10 disclosed screening for common, weak, or breached passwords.
What these findings mean: they measure what services publicly document, not everything they enforce. “Not published” does not mean a service has no rule; it means we could not verify that rule from an official public page within the study boundary.
Eight characters remains the most common published minimum
Twenty services published an exact minimum: 14 used eight characters, three used six, two used ten, and one required more than ten. The other 80 were either undocumented in the sources we found or not applicable to the current login flow.
Examples include GitHub's conditional 8-or-15-character rule, npm's requirement for more than 10 characters, and GitLab.com's 8-to-128-character range.
Maximum lengths are rarely published
We found an exact maximum for seven services. Three capped passwords at 20 characters; the other published limits were 60, 72, 99, and 128. The remaining 93 services did not provide a usable maximum, or the field was not part of the current login flow.
That distinction matters. A missing maximum in this dataset is not evidence that a site accepts passwords of any length.
Passkeys are visible, but coverage varies sharply by sector
Thirty-seven services documented passkey sign-in. The highest count was in productivity and cloud services, where eight of ten had a public passkey page. Streaming media had no confirmed passkey entries in this sample.
| Sector | Passkeys documented | Exact minimum documented | Not testable |
|---|---|---|---|
| financial services | 6 of 10 | 2 of 10 | 0 of 10 |
| retail marketplaces | 3 of 10 | 2 of 10 | 2 of 10 |
| social communication | 6 of 10 | 0 of 10 | 1 of 10 |
| streaming media | 0 of 10 | 4 of 10 | 1 of 10 |
| travel mobility | 3 of 10 | 0 of 10 | 3 of 10 |
| productivity cloud | 8 of 10 | 3 of 10 | 0 of 10 |
| developer services | 4 of 10 | 4 of 10 | 0 of 10 |
| gaming | 5 of 10 | 3 of 10 | 1 of 10 |
| education knowledge | 1 of 10 | 1 of 10 | 2 of 10 |
| health fitness | 1 of 10 | 1 of 10 | 3 of 10 |
Password-manager and breach-screening disclosures are uncommon
Sixteen services explicitly supported or recommended password managers in the official pages we reviewed. Ten disclosed checks against common, weak, or breached passwords. These are disclosure counts, not implementation rankings: a service may support either control without publishing it.
Examples of explicit screening disclosures include GitHub, Canva, and Atlassian accounts used by Bitbucket.
How was the study done?
We froze a purposive sample of 100 recognizable services across 10 sectors before collection. This is not a traffic ranking or a random sample of the web. We reviewed official help pages, account documentation, and password fields visible without creating or changing an account. We did not submit registration forms, test real passwords, bypass bot defenses, or use anyone's account.
Each record went through a collection pass and a separate evidence-review pass. The review removed claims based only on advice, kept conflicting sources visible, and marked unsupported controls as unknown. Collection and review were completed by the same researcher; this release has not been independently replicated.
Thirteen services were marked not testable because no suitable official source was accessible within the collection boundary. Unknown and not-applicable values stay in every denominator.
The control definitions and collection rules are available in the data dictionary and study notes.
Sources for all 100 services
Every number above comes from the reviewed records below. The source links open the official pages used for that service. A dash means no suitable official page was found within the study boundary.
| Service | Sector | Minimum | Maximum | Passkey | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PayPal | financial services | 8 | 20 | Yes | 1, 2 |
| Venmo | financial services | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Cash App | financial services | N/A | N/A | Not published | 1 |
| Wise | financial services | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| Revolut | financial services | N/A | N/A | Yes | 1 |
| Klarna | financial services | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| Coinbase | financial services | 8 | 72 | Yes | 1, 2 |
| Robinhood | financial services | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 |
| Monzo | financial services | N/A | N/A | Not published | 1 |
| N26 | financial services | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Amazon | retail marketplaces | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1, 2 |
| Walmart | retail marketplaces | 8 | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 |
| eBay | retail marketplaces | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| Etsy | retail marketplaces | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Target | retail marketplaces | 8 | 20 | Yes | 1, 2 |
| AliExpress | retail marketplaces | Not published | Not published | Not published | — |
| Temu | retail marketplaces | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1, 2 |
| SHEIN | retail marketplaces | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Mercado Libre | retail marketplaces | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Rakuten | retail marketplaces | Not published | Not published | Not published | — |
| social communication | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 | |
| social communication | Not published | Not published | Not published | — | |
| X | social communication | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| TikTok | social communication | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| social communication | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 | |
| social communication | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 | |
| Discord | social communication | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| Snapchat | social communication | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 |
| social communication | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 | |
| Tumblr | social communication | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Netflix | streaming media | Not published | 60 | Not published | 1, 2 |
| Spotify | streaming media | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Disney+ | streaming media | 6 | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Hulu | streaming media | 6 | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Max | streaming media | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Peacock | streaming media | 10 | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Twitch | streaming media | 8 | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| SoundCloud | streaming media | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Deezer | streaming media | Not published | Not published | Not published | — |
| Crunchyroll | streaming media | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Airbnb | travel mobility | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| Booking.com | travel mobility | Not published | Not published | Not published | — |
| Expedia | travel mobility | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Tripadvisor | travel mobility | Not published | Not published | Not published | — |
| Uber | travel mobility | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| Lyft | travel mobility | N/A | N/A | Not published | 1 |
| DoorDash | travel mobility | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| Deliveroo | travel mobility | Not published | Not published | Not published | — |
| Skyscanner | travel mobility | N/A | N/A | Not published | 1 |
| Agoda | travel mobility | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| productivity cloud | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 | |
| Microsoft | productivity cloud | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| Apple | productivity cloud | 8 | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Dropbox | productivity cloud | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| Box | productivity cloud | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Zoom | productivity cloud | 8 | 99 | Yes | 1, 2 |
| Slack | productivity cloud | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| Notion | productivity cloud | 8 | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 |
| Canva | productivity cloud | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 |
| Adobe | productivity cloud | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| GitHub | developer services | 8 | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 |
| GitLab | developer services | 8 | 128 | Yes | 1, 2 |
| Bitbucket | developer services | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 |
| Stack Overflow | developer services | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| npm | developer services | 11 | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Docker Hub | developer services | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| DigitalOcean | developer services | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Cloudflare | developer services | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1, 2 |
| Vercel | developer services | N/A | N/A | Yes | 1 |
| Netlify | developer services | 10 | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Steam | gaming | 6 | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Epic Games | gaming | 8 | Not published | Not published | 1, 2 |
| Xbox | gaming | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1 |
| PlayStation | gaming | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 |
| Nintendo | gaming | 8 | 20 | Yes | 1, 2 |
| Roblox | gaming | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 |
| EA | gaming | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 |
| Ubisoft | gaming | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Riot Games | gaming | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Battle.net | gaming | Not published | Not published | Not published | — |
| Coursera | education knowledge | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Udemy | education knowledge | N/A | N/A | Not published | 1 |
| Khan Academy | education knowledge | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Duolingo | education knowledge | Not published | Not published | Not published | — |
| Quizlet | education knowledge | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| edX | education knowledge | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Chegg | education knowledge | Not published | Not published | Not published | — |
| Wikipedia | education knowledge | 8 | Not published | Yes | 1, 2 |
| ResearchGate | education knowledge | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Academia.edu | education knowledge | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| MyFitnessPal | health fitness | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Strava | health fitness | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Headspace | health fitness | Not published | Not published | Not published | — |
| Calm | health fitness | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Fitbit | health fitness | Not published | Not published | Yes | 1, 2, 3 |
| Flo Health | health fitness | Not published | Not published | Not published | 1 |
| Doctolib | health fitness | Not published | Not published | Not published | — |
| Practo | health fitness | Not published | Not published | Not published | — |
| Zocdoc | health fitness | N/A | N/A | Not published | 1 |
| HealthifyMe | health fitness | 8 | Not published | Not published | 1 |
Download and cite the data
The JSON includes every source title, URL, access date, paraphrase, account context, note, and normalized control. The CSV is easier to analyze in a spreadsheet.
Suggested citation: “Generate My Password, Password Requirements Across 100 Popular Services, release website-password-requirements-2026-v1 (2026-10-22).”
Related statistics
Compare random password length and search space, review fixed-rate password guessing estimates, or see random passphrase combinations.